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Connie Hedegaard, European Commissioner for Climate, welcomed Tuesday the decline in carbon emissions of 12,000 power plants and factories of Twenty-Seven, Norway and Liechtenstein submitted to CO2 quotas. These emissions have decreased by 2% in 2011 while GDP growth in the European Union (EU) rose 1.5%.

"This positive result shows that the ETS (the system of trading commonly known as CO2 exchange, Ed) allows emission reductions at lower cost," said the former Danish Minister of Environment from Brussels.

According to the Commission, less than 1% of installations weighing less than 1% of carbon emissions did not meet their cap. In addition, 2% of facilities did not submit their record on April 30, annual renewal of the quota system.

The refusal of the Chinese airlines

Since 2010, the airlines participating in the European system. In 2011, almost all companies reported their figures. But it is only since 1 January 2012 all companies, European or not, operating flights to or from the EU must meet emissions ceilings cheap pay day loans.

As the 12,000 facilities are already covered by EU ETS, companies that exceed their target can buy carbon credits on the stock exchange, and those who are virtuous can sell. Ten Chinese and Indian companies that represent approximately 3% of aviation emissions have declined to publish their releases. Beijing has so far strongly opposed the application of CO2 allowances to its airlines in the European skies.

The economic crisis, since 2009, has reduced CO2 emissions on the Old Continent and brought to market a surplus of credits. Result, the price per tonne of CO2 has collapsed to about 12.5 euros in mid-2011 to 6.7 euros on Tuesday on the spot market.

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Roman Lucazeau, Chargé de Mission in the Business Institute, details the mechanisms at work in the test programs.

THE FIGARO.FR. – Why submit programs of candidates for this test?

Roman Lucazeau. – Although, compared to the 2007 presidential campaign, the programs of the two main candidates are more accurate, they still gray areas and are based on slightly different economic scenarios. This makes comparison difficult. So we tried to apply the same economic variables: growth rate, inflation, unemployment rate, by 2017. We also wanted to discover what happened to the public finances if the programs were implemented with, notably, lower growth than that provided by the candidates, for example, that France has known, on average, over the past decade.  

Originally, this type of exercise is applied by the financial authorities to banks. These are subject to economic scenarios degraded to assess their strength in case of economic crisis. We use a similar method to test the ability of candidates to achieve their stated goal (zero deficit in 2016 for Nicolas Sarkozy in 2017 for Francis Holland).

But in a crisis, a candidate can always abandon its initial program

.

Absolutely. We test the strength of their roadmap, as defined during the election campaign, in a worse position than they anticipate business card. We evaluate today's promises and do not prejudge the future president of the reactions in case of contingencies.  

How does this model?

We leave the bases nominee programs (eg growth rate, the level of taxes and public spending …) and against which they built their proposals. These assumptions are public and have been developed by their campaign teams. We determine how the deficit and debt change if we change some parameters on the basis of data and public reporting, the INSEE, the Court of Auditors and of Bercy. The details of our methodology is available on our website.

How do you ensure objectivity of your approach?

We submitted the candidates' platforms to the same constraints: same inflation, even growth, even drift government spending or health insurance, etc.. The differences between results are explained by the differences between the programs themselves. Debt strategy of the two candidates based on both on growth, tax increases and budget savings. But Nicolas Sarkozy and Francois Hollande do not intend to use these levers to the same extent. Their programs do not react the same way a change of parameters.

Presidential in major cities Paris | Leeds | Lyons | Toulouse | Leeds | Sheffield | Liverpool | Bordeaux | Lille

 

Will they follow? The question hangs over Airbus, like Boeing, which monitors the behavior of its subcontractors. Similarly, the major suppliers so-called "rank 1", such as Safran and Thales, regularly take the pulse of their own ecosystem. Together, the industry will meet the challenge of rising rates announced (see graphic).

Having racked up record orders in 2011, Airbus must produce more and more to deliver in a timely manner its customers. Despite economic uncertainties, demand is high. The world fleet will more than double to over 31,000 units in the next twenty years. In 2012, Airbus expects to deliver 570 aircraft (+ 6% from 2011). Boeing and put on 585 to 600 deliveries in 2012 against 477 a year earlier.

Suppliers are energized. Airbus does internally and 15% of the value of an aircraft. He buys 9 to 10 billion euros of components and subassemblies for other U.S. and between 11 to 12 billion in Europe and the rest of the world. In France, many providers depend on more than 30% and sometimes 100% of its orders. Airbus health is linked to that of its subcontractors. And vice versa. "We support our partners to increase their industrial performance. We have strengthened our team with our suppliers to optimize their production, "said Fabrice Brégier, CEO of Airbus.

We need to fund this growth. "Our industry is highly capital. Our working capital needs are important to fund our stock. We produce three to six months ahead of the pace of the builder. To garner a turnover of euro, we must invest one euro, "says Emmanuel Viellard, president of Lisi Aerospace, a leading European aerospace fasteners (airframes and engines). "Between 2010 and 2015, we plan to invest 250 million euros to finance 60% increase in activity linked to increased rates of manufacturers," he adds.

A fund of 100 million

This is when the order books are re-inflated to block the subcontractors are struggling to find financing. Especially SMEs as banks remain cautious. The Gifas, the union bosses of Aeronautics, conducted an awareness campaign on this theme. He watches any failure. Initiatives are multiplying to help SMEs. Next to the Strategic Investment Fund (FSI, depending on the Deposit) and type Aerofund dedicated funds, the state decided, with the support of Airbus and several banks, to develop a new tool Financial that takes into account the specificities of the sector. A fund of 100 million euro was launched to provide long-term bank loans to finance the "time costs" (NRC) under the pooling of risk between manufacturer and subcontractors. They must subsidize the upstream (design and development) by assuming the burden of NRC which are written on the number of aircraft sold. ROI – 10 to 15 years after the launch of a new device – is tied to the success of a program whose life often exceeds thirty years.

"Triple A Aviation"

But we must also rely on late shift that the first deliveries. They trap the subcontractors that produced in advance of equipment that will be paid upon delivery. In this case, inventories swell and cash suffers. Latecoere, which provides fuselage sections and wiring systems, has been close to bankruptcy. Heavily indebted, it has been hard hit by delays in the A 380 and B 787. An extreme case that prompted Airbus, in particular, to fly to the rescue by setting in advance of development costs and by providing four years of work load. As if the manufacturer gave a triple-A to its supplier, which reassures banks.

"We do not direct funding, but sometimes we make a one-time, targeted, said Marc Ventre, Executive Officer of Safran. Very keen to preserve the capacity for innovation in France, we give visibility to our partners by providing the production schedules in advance and by contracting our relations. "" Banks no longer rely only on past performance and objectives. This reassures them when we have commitments on four or seven years, "says Julien de Souza, president of Mecachrome (for engine components and fuselage components). The SME 256 million euros in sales projected to increase by 20% of its investments between 2012 (16 million) and 2014.

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This time it is. French bosses have moved to the digital age! They are even more likely to bring their PCs, tablets, smartphones personal office. What makes them so much more demanding on the performance of their professional tool. Recognising the benefits that can bring digital to their business, they have maintained their investments despite the crisis.

Even if they do not always understand what it can serve as the barometer shows the maturity of digital leaders unveiled on Tuesday by IDC and Syntec digital. In fact, 60% of employers have limited use of their tools. They use it to write emails, browse the internet … and only 40% of them hold meetings online or use professional applications. And this, despite having an average of 3.7 terminal and say use both at home and in mobility.

Worse, some even confessed that "after ten minutes" explanations of digital development issues "were bored". Key topics of the moment for this sector remain obscure to the leaders. The vast majority ignores all issues of cloud computing and the consumerization of IT.

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With 2.2 million customers earned in just two months, has already exceeded Free Mobile Virgin Mobile and its 1.9 million customers won in six years. But Geoffroy Roux de Bézieux, CEO of Virgin Mobile, do not admit defeat. After declining prices for its mobile plans starting January 11, he resigned from all his mandates (UNEDIC Medef …) to devote himself entirely to Virgin Mobile. He decided to strike back against the field of Free by launching its "Virgin box" ADSL and the first quadruple play (Internet, television, landline and mobile) market in less than 30 euros, including a mobile subscription (2 hour voice and sms). In Mobile, Virgin Mobile is launching a mini-package to 4.99 euros per month (for 45 minutes of calls and 450 SMS) and packages from EUR 12.99.

LE FIGARO-Virgin Mobile Will he survive the arrival of Free Mobile?

Geoffroy Roux de Bézieux-course! We intend to play the return match and the win. Niel has no monopoly on consumer protection. Virgin Mobile launches quadruple play offer (TV, Internet, landline and mobile), which is the cheapest on the market. We are less than 30 euros, while the average bill is more than 40 euros. If prices fell in mobile, fixed Internet on the bill for households is increasing. When we give moral lessons to everyone, we must be consistent in all markets! The credo of French Internet the cheapest in Europe, created by Xavier Niel, and conveyed by ARCEP, has become false. The fixed market in France is now oligopolistic. This allows Free to have margins of 39% and fund its mobile offering.

Are you facing a haemorrhage of customers?

Free Mobile to launch, it's true, we experienced a spike in departures. But that was quickly calmed. By the third week, that number fell, and fell further after the failure of Free March 20. Free Mobile is like Ryanair: you pay less, but you take off from Beauvais. Everybody does not want it. If we have lost customers, we also won. In the end, we lost 24,000 net customers, slightly more than 1% of our customer base. Neither more nor less than other operators.

Have you pumped up the numbers in March through promotions on private-sale?

No. We have fewer and fewer cancellations and more of recruitments, with our range Extaz, which has enrolled more than 100,000 customers in less than three months.

Virtual mobile operators (MVNO) are not they eventually threatened?

Virgin Mobile is no longer an MVNO like any other, it is a "full" MVNO. This means that we are not content to buy more minutes of telecoms but we have invested tens of millions of euros to build a network of heart. So we have the benefits of a network operator without its drawbacks: we touch the money when customers of other operators call our customers. We control our prices and have a real free trade. But unlike Free we are not forced to deploy expensive antennas.

Did you anticipate such an impact?

The day after the launch of Free we have aligned our prices. A quick response indicating that we were ready. I even took my team to Lorient in naval commandos prepare the response plan. A tariff to 19.99 euros was part of the scenarios, although this was not the one we preferred.

What will the impact on your margins?

Our sales increased 21% to 567 million, and EBITDA to exceed 30 million euros for the year ended March. From January to March 2012, activity was still up 13% despite the arrival of Free Mobile. The year 2012-2013 will be more complicated. We will focus on growth and invest in the quadruple play. The downside of this strategy is that our margins will be penalized. But we will remain profitable.

Why not be sold Virgin Mobile before the arrival of Free?

Virgin Mobile is not for sale. This is a scarce asset, growing. If we had had to sell, we would have done in 2011 as Vodafone, which has shrewdly sold his shares in SFR.

Tackle the offer that Free is committed to MVNOs?

We are not litigious. But the wholesale offer Free is inoperative. Given the difficulties of Free network, its limited coverage, pricing, no one's interest to be at Free MVNO. ARCEP has to ensure that the commitments that were made.

Do you, as President of ARCEP, the arrival of Free will eliminate 10,000 jobs?

I am afraid it is much more, if only in that sub-contractors. Nobody seems to get upset because these jobs are not embodied in a factory, but scattered around among operators, distributors, OEMs.

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The cranes are pushing a new building in the green meadows of Saxony. The roar of the work is covered by the squealing tires of cars on the circuit house. Welcome to Porsche, where employees show a big smile when they come to work in a sporty atmosphere crowned by an unabashed success. Never the manufacturer of luxury cars has not worn as well in this crisis year. And it is in its new plant in Leipzig, former GDR, which celebrates its tenth anniversary this year, Porsche owes much of its success.

"We have not felt the crisis, welcomes Siegfried Bülow, owner of the Porsche plant in Leipzig. The premium has never been better. With the crisis, consumers say it's time to break their piggy banks instead of seeing their savings melt! "The manufacturer, whose birthplace is located in Zuffenhausen near Stuttgart, has produced nearly 117,000 vehicles in 2011, an increase of 34% over the previous year. His two best-selling models, the Cayenne (57% products in 2011) and the Panamera (32%), came off the assembly line in Leipzig.

Rationalized production

"Our goal is to sell 200,000 cars in 2018, a good figure for a premium brand, explains Bülow. We are not in the scheme of classical builders who want to sell millions of vehicles. "The Leipzig plant, which produced 90,000 vehicles in 2011, will play a significant role in this success. The Macan, the future 4 × 4 compact entry-level, will be made entirely of 50,000 copies a year in the new wing of the complex under construction starting in late 2013. "It's a real Porsche. We hope the same effect as the Boxter in the sports segment, "exults Bülow, who has already tried Macan and was convinced that young families will gather out the 4 × 4 luxurious and sporty entry level.

Porsche investing 500 million euros in Leipzig and will double its workforce by hiring 1,000 employees by 2013. With nearly 11 billion in revenue and an operating margin of 18 online payday loan lenders.7%, Porsche claims to be the most profitable manufacturer in the world. Recipes for success are in Leipzig. With great flexibility, the hours can be reduced from 200 to 60 hours per month. Production has been streamlined, including through logistics innovations. The plant does not store more than one day of production equipment and time components on the assembly line to reduce storage costs and increase efficiency.

Each team takes 3-6 minutes to do its job, instead of 45 to 90 seconds in a German factory "normal", to ensure premium quality. A computer with each vehicle, which bears the name of his client to instantly detect defects in assembly and avoid costly interventions after assembly. Assembly lines employ only staff ultraqualifié, able to intervene at all stages of car manufacturing. The flow is continuous, in three shifts on a rotating 24 hours on 24.

At the end of the chain, the workers show their glee when they hear the first roar of raucous 430 horsepower V8 with a Panamera GTS. Another cause for celebration: earlier this year, the workers received a bonus of 7,600 euros. For Porsche, there is no question of relocation. "Our customers are willing to pay more for the Made in Germany, said Bülow. In Germany, the environment has tremendous potential, thanks to infrastructure, numerous research and development, the fabric of subcontractors and the quality of the workforce. It is unique in the world. "

The expertise was indeed present in the Leipzig region. Porsche has had the audacity to build on the old Trabant manufacturers of the era of the GDR, to build its cars … winning bet.

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Market International TV programs, MIPTV, to be held in Cannes from April 1 to 4, the British series should create the event. Call the Midwife, produced by the BBC, had the best audience of the channel for ten years. And professionals are eagerly awaiting the arrival of two series Titanic, one produced by ITV and the other by the BBC. This success confirms the vitality of English production began last year by Downton Abbey.

Turkish productions are also a remarkable breakthrough in the export and seduce with themes often néoromantiques like Ask or Ceza ve Mugnificent Century, a series high in costumes inspired by the Borgias of Canal + and already sold in forty countries. The study Hotspot, concocted by Eurodata TV Worldwide is a partner with Médiamétrie, the top 10 best programs in the hearing world still dominated by fiction (41%), entertainment programs (38%) and information ( 21%).

Talent Search, the first vector of the reality show

But the big difference with previous years is that it is now the local fictions far outweigh American series. "Contrary to years like 2007 where the total number of hits was the fact of American productions, they have virtually disappeared from the charts," says Amandine Cassi, academic director of Eurodata TV Worldwide. Entertainment side, it is always the formats used to seek talent that hold the upper hand and are the major contributor to the international reality. There are trademarks ancient as the "Eurovision", but also the concepts be they British "Got Talent" (Fremantle), "Idols" (Fremantle), "Strictly Come Dancing" (BBC Worldwide) "XFactor" (Fremantle) or "Masterchef" (Shine) payday loans with no fax. "The Voice", produced by Talpa – the incubator of John De Mol – which is still in its infancy, is already among the top global audiences. In 2011, promising competitors to giants Endemol and Fremantle have appeared on the market including Shine, the production company of Elisabeth Murdoch, or A2G Creations, a small French production company that blew counters hearings in China its format Beauty Academy. "This success explains Amandine Cassi, is due to the ease of exporting and to adapt these artistic formats that appeal to everyone. These formats also compensate in some manner, the information that arouses enthusiasm on television. "The information, provided the programs live elsewhere, as the two best audiences worldwide last year were the evening of Chinese New Year, with 203 million viewers in China, and that the Superbowl, the United States, brought together more than 111 million viewers.

In France, this strong trend has not failed. Indeed, in 2011, the list was dominated by the final of the Rugby World Cup (15.4 million viewers), while the interview with Dominique Strauss-Kahn at 8:00 p.m. at TF1, September 18, 2011 , made with 12.5 million viewers, on par with "Bal Enfoirés", broadcast, exactly a week ago. A great show that, once again, confirms that television remains the medium of the event.  

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Shadows of the Chinese economy remain numerous. And the statistics are no exception to the rule. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced that it had uncovered two cases of falsification of official statistics in small provincial towns. Party cadres from the town of Hejin, Shanxi Province, industrial province west of Beijing, and has provided hoteliers, steelmakers and miners still figures to report their activities to the statistics agency official.

Figures "seriously wrong", to quote the words of the SNB on its website. In a suburb of the megacity of Chongqing in central regions, local potentates asking for their part, businesses in their districts to pre-approve their accounts before sending them to the Statistical Office.

Promoting political and economic performance

The phenomenon is not new in a country where the race for growth is initiated for three decades. By province, the Party cadres hope to link their political promotion to their economic performance. And for years the People's Republic regularly reviews its copy on its growth rate, one year after the revised figures ski provinces.

The gap between the ambitions of local apparatchiks and the requirements of a central government is now pointed to by the SNB. Last month, the official newspaper Economic Daily reported that, according to figures from the office, the Chinese provinces have reported a GDP of 6.276 trillion euros … is 557 billion euros more than the government figures! A margin of error equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland

. Credibility issues

Anxious to remain credible, the second global economy has embarked on a massive cleaning of its statistics. "Any institution or individual who falsifies data will be exposed to serious sanctions by the national office, according to law," warns an official from the SNB. Last October, two officials of the central bank and the SNB had been arrested for revealing the figures of China's growth before the official announcement of the office and earned commissions "considerable" in the words of investigators, for these leaks.

A few months earlier, the government agency had already announced its intention to reduce the number of people with access to encrypted information of Chinese growth, and the time of publication of data, to limit insider trading.

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